The Mid 1960s - 997 Words

The mid-1970s was a time when some people still identified as hippies. In the small college town where I lived then I was reading a book in the â€Å"alternative† cafe, when a self-styled hippy sat down at my table. Sharing tables was quite common for that cafe, which espoused a more Marxist, communal way of doing things. The hippy-man appeared to be in his 30s, which seemed ancient to me at the time. I wasn’t in the mood to chat but when I put down my book to greet him he started talking, expounding on his philosophy of life and his solutions for what ailed the human race. One of his big ideas involved bananas. He said, â€Å"Everyone’s so depressed and you know why?† I didn’t. â€Å"They don’t have enough potassium, man! If everyone ate bananas they wouldn’t be depressed. It’s all in the bananas!† I had some ideas of my own that were as strange to him as his ideas were to me. Despite that, we enjoyed each other’s company for a little while and shared a few laughs. He got up to leave and we shook hands. As he walked away he paused, looked back at me and said, â€Å"I dig your mirth, man.† And then he was gone and I never saw him again. But the thought of him and our brief connection still makes me smile. Ten years ago I accompanied a friend being admitted to an inpatient addiction rehab clinic. I sat with him for moral support as the admission nurse asked him the standard questions. For him, entering rehab was a moment of pure defeat, barely better than being in the gutter.Show MoreRelatedThe Rebellion Of The Mid 1960s1479 Words   |  6 PagesRebels with a Cause During the mid-1960s, various racially driven riots descended upon Northern urban centers and blanketed the cities with violence and destruction. Historians have long debated the cause of these riots and whether they were actually riots, or rebellions against America’s prevalent racial polarization in urban areas. Some historians categorize the uprisings as unnecessary riots that stemmed from the increasing black militancy, ghetto residents lack of responsibility for their ownRead MoreDuring The Mid-1960S To 1980, The Black Power Movement1362 Words   |  6 Pages During the mid-1960s to 1980, The Black Power movement was highly important for African Americans in the United States. This time frame increased the self-determination of black pride and the empowering movements that took place across the nation. The development of organizations influence African Americans to form unity, group awareness, and institutions in order to enhance the race as a whole. Important activists stood firm in their prolific speeches, which influenced the nation to believe thatRead MoreThe Disadvantages Faced by Catholics in Northern Ireland in the Mid-1960’s1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Disadvantages Faced by Catholics in Northern Ireland in the Mid-1960’s Since the partition of 1921 the Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland had been unable to live on equal terms together. The North became Northern Ireland and the south the Republic of Ireland. It was not really an event, for decades Britain had resisted Home rule but by 1919 the attitudes were altering. A majority of Northern Ireland were Protestants, the Catholics only made up 33% of the populationRead MoreAging Population Has Steadily Increased Since The Mid 1960 Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Statistics Canada, aging population has steadily increased since the mid-1960. The age of 65 and older comprised 15.7% of the country’s population. Promoting health in these aging population is very crucial to minimise the severity of health complications that might occur in the long run. Gerontological Nursing involves the care of aging people and emphasize the promotion of the highest possible quality of life and wellness throughout the lifespan (Eliopoulos, c2014 p73). Aging peopleRead MoreThe period between early 1940s to mid-1960s or so, alternatively, the period between when the700 Words   |  3 PagesThe period between early 1940s to mid-1960s or so, alternatively, the period between when the musical Oklahoma! (1943) was produced till the time when Hair (1968) was produced, is usually referred to as the Golden Age of the American musical (Kantor, 2010). It is during this period, that most of the noted titles such as â€Å"Carousel†, â€Å"South Pacific† etc. were produced. 1940s and early 1950s were dominated thoroughly by MGM musicals, while the late 1950s and 1960s belonged to Broadway. Initially, theRead More1960s Cinema And Its Impact On Cinema1236 Words   |  5 Pages1960s Movies 1960s cinema reflected the good and the bad of the decade. 1960s cinema influenced many of the films we have today. 1960s cinema brought attention to movie musicals, which were movies that had many song and dance numbers along with dialogue and blocking. Three of the biggest hits of the decade were movie musicals. Some of the decade’s biggest hits, including the movie musicals, are still popular today. In the 1960s, there were many popular movies, both in theaters and on televisionRead MoreThe Revolution Of The 1960 S846 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1960’s Many people believe the 1960s, were the golden age but, contrary, by the end of the decade, it seemed like the The United States was falling apart. That could be one of the reason why different groups were growing with new ideas, demands and of course many reforms. Student activists became more and more radical. They protested over colleges, massive antiwar demonstrations and occupied various public places to make their revolutionary ideas visible and to be heard. In 1960s, theRead MoreGrade Inflation Is Not Uniform1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthe year 1999–2000. The study concluded that 28.9% of graduates received mostly C grades or lower, while only 14.5% received mostly A grades. A more recent study, however, shows that grades have been inflating since the mid-1960s, and that A has been the most common grade since the mid-1990s. Grade inflation in the United States Grade inflation at the post-secondary level A recent study,, collects historical data from 80 schools, in some cases dating back to the 1920s, and conclude clear evidenceRead MoreThe Music Of Elvis Presley898 Words   |  4 PagesThere were plenty of music coming out and showing up in the 1960’s. It was time; time for a new form of music, a new sound, it was time for a revolution. There were all types of music being played and new music being formed. There were all sorts of bands playing different kinds of music and playing with their own styles while taking over the airwaves. Whether it be rock, soul, or any other type of music, it was a revolution. This also led to new bands forming and breaking into the industry. In theRead MoreEssay On Dielectric Resonator966 Words   |  4 Pagesmicrowave resonators. However, his theoretical investigations failed to generate significant interest and practically nothing happened in this area for over 25 years. In the early 1960s, researchers from Columbia University, Okaya and Barash [34-35] reported the first ever DR in the form of a single crystal TiO2. In the mid-1960s, Cohn [36] performed extensive theoretical and experimental evaluation of DR. Nevertheless, the DR was still far from being used in practical applications. A real breakthrough

Compare kennedy and johnson Free Essay Example, 1000 words

John F. Kennedy  vs. Lyndon B. Johnson John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson are two of the most powerful and influential figures in the history of the United States. They left a mark in the history of the country while serving as the Presidents of the U. S. The distressing assassination of President Kennedy followed by the period of political novelty led by President Johnson made 1960s the most eventful decade of the twentieth century. Lyndon Johnson further expanded the functions of federal government in terms of its duty for the welfare of the American citizens and called it the Great Society. However, the idealism that sprouted up amongst the enthusiastic American youth during 1960s eventually turned into a large rebellion. Thus, the decade, although started with high hopes, ended with the horrors of division and disappointment. A comparison between the policies of President Kennedy and President Johnson reveals the similarities and differences that led to their popularity with t he masses. John F. Kennedy won presidency over Richard Nixon in the year 1960. He assured a new set of domestic reforms called New Frontier for America that would cover reforms not only at home but also the victory in cold war. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare kennedy and johnson or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now However, despite successfully creating his image as an intelligent and energetic leader, he faced legislative failures at the outset of his presidency. On the other hand, he managed to be triumphant in the approval of tariff reductions to promote economic growth in the country. He is mostly remembered for his efforts regarding tax cuts in the economic arena. However, his plans to increase federal aid in the field of education, medical care and urban renewal did not get accomplished. He became the president when the cold war was at its height. Thus, foreign policy initiatives occupy the maximum part of his agenda. John Kennedy succeeded in making himself the central focus of the entire nation and that is quite evident from the reaction of American citizens to his cold blooded murder in 1963. Lyndon Johnson followed John F. Kennedy as the US president. The events leading to the assassination of President Kennedy landed him in the white house. His p residency is marked by the expansion in the roles of federal government. He set to complete the unfinished work of President Kennedy’s New Frontier by constructing his own outstanding reform program which was ultimately called the Great Society. He accumulated the largest reform agenda since the time of Roosevelt’s New Deal.

Personal Statement Personal Selling - 895 Words

Personal selling is a face to face interaction between buyers and seller. This interaction is necessary for forming bonds and building lasting relationships that lead to repeat customers. This type of selling gives the sales person a chance to sway the customer towards a particular product with in depth information as well as utilize their promotional skills and abilities. Personal selling is less impersonal, it gives the salesperson the opportunity to listen to and address customer concerns, whether it be replacing a faulty product or addressing an issue with services rendered. Personal selling is considered to be the most effective form of promotion because it makes it possible for the sales person to entice consumers to make impulsive†¦show more content†¦The selling process has seven steps, the first of which is generating leads, this basically entails capturing the interest of potential customers. This is usually done through prospecting, cold calling, referrals and networking. The next step in the selling process is qualifying leads, this is basically determining if any of the prospects are viable leads buy assessing their buying power, gauging their receptivity and accessibility, and recognizing if they have a need for what is being sold. The third step is approaching the customer and probing needs; before approaching the customer the s alesperson must do their research to be as knowledgeable as possible about the prospect. The fourth step is developing and proposing solutions, this is the point where a sales proposal and presentation is presented to the customer. The fifth step in the selling process is handling objections, the salesperson must be fully prepared to handle any and all objections the prospect may have and find a way to use those objections to their benefit. The next step is closing the sale, at this stage the presentation has being made and it s all about the negotiations and trying to come to an agreeable consensus. The final step in the selling process is following up, this is simply to make sure delivery schedules are met and the client knows how to use theShow MoreRelatedList The Three Prescriptions That Serve As The Foundation For Development Of Relationship Strategy1183 Words   |  5 PagesList the three prescriptions that serve as the foundation for development of relationship strategy. Values Clarity Support 2. How important are establishing, building, and maintaining relationships in the selling process? List the four groups of people with whom sales personal must be able to work effectively. In a consultative sale, building a relationship is important to create identification with one on one communication with the customer to keep the customer feeling confident andRead MoreThe Management Of Individual Finances1180 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Financial Planning The management of individual finances indicates the beginning of financial planning. Financial planning refers to the process of developing a strategy that aids an individual to manage and control their spending and investments to suit their current, as well as future needs. Financial planning is an essential aspect of individuals’ as well as organizations’ continuity. Part A (1) Allison’s cash flow statement Cash Flow Statement Cash Inflow 3000 Expenses Rent 750Read MoreThe Best Way Of Selling A Product / Service862 Words   |  4 Pagescrucial part of selling a product is to get your customer to trust in you. You want the customer to feel like you are offering them something that can actually benefit them whether than just trying to get a sale out of them. You want to make the customer feel like they are important. Companies want salespeople who work for them know everything about the product so that they are confident when selling the product. In my opinion, the best way of selling a product/service is to share a personal experienceRead MoreThe Marketing Of Marketing Mix1340 Words   |  6 Pages Promotional mix consists of A ) Personal Selling In Personal selling communication is happening on one to one with seller and customer. It is considered to be one of the most expensive form of promotion . The seller uses their appearance and product knowledge to sell the product. Examples of Personal selling - Personal Meetings , telemarketing etc. customer. Personal selling is belongs to advertising and sales promotion. Personal selling is the way , to personally sell the productRead MoreEssay on Marketing Strategy: Neutrogena ´s Advertisement Campaign 702 Words   |  3 PagesNeutrogena’s personal selling will have to be the marketing strategy that needs to be launched before the full advertisements are released in the different media. One strategy for the personal selling campaign would need to be promoted in selected cities with a large population that is located in the United Kingdom, which also can be acknowledged in other cities throughout that country. The determination for Neutrogena is to weigh in on the actual desires and necessities of the ultimate objectiveRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.1172 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Apple Inc. designs, manufactures, and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, accessories, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications (Apple, 1). Apple Inc. is popular mainly due to its smartphones iPhone and laptops MacBook. According to article Best Worst Laptop Brands 2015 by LAPTOP editors, Apple Inc. products are to be the best amongRead MoreMary Kay Case Analysis Essay example1272 Words   |  6 Pagescosmetics, fragrances and other personal care products. From 1963 through the 1990s, this direct sales force primarily made up the distribution channel. In the case of Mary Kay, the direct sales force was the distributors and consumers. Thus, the direct sales force bought and then sold the products through a social network. This type of direct selling is called a network marketing organization (NMO). In this NMO, the distributors were responsible for selling products and recruiting new distributorsRead MoreGeicos Modified Rhetorical Approach1226 Words   |  5 Pages Geico’s Modified Rhetorical Approach Geico Insurance Company is known for using humorous and absurd mascots as a main selling point in their advertisements. Mascots that Geico has used in the past include the infamous Geico gecko, with the mysterious accent and the Geico caveman who seemed to be a jack-of-all-trades. Geico has recently taken a new approach to advertising their insurance. Authors of Geico commercials have recently introduced their newest mascot, Mike McGlone, a well-known actorRead MoreManaging Financial Resources Essay examples1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthe financial statements.(P2.4) 9. Analyse budgets and make appropriate decisions.(P3.1) 10. Calculate unit costs and make pricing decisions using relevant information.(P3.2) 11. Assess the viability of a project using investment appraisal techniques.(P3.3) 12. Explain the purpose of the main financial statements.(P4.1) 13. Describe the differences between the formats of financial statement for different types of business.(P4.2) 14. Analyse financial statements using appropriateRead MoreMarketing Channels1482 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribed as the blend of personal selling, advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, and public relations a company uses to reach potential customers. (Excellence in Business; Bovà ©e, Thill, Mescon; p.  487) When a company is developing a promotional mix and working with their marketing channels, it is important to understand the five elements of promotion. Excellence in Business (Bovà ©e, Thill, Mescon; p.  487) describes the five elements as: 1. Personal selling which is in-person communication

Disadvantages Of The Tenth Amendment - 1410 Words

â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.† Our Tenth Amendment, as it was originally written does not specify or restrict the spectrum of powers which are entitled to the federal government, the state government, and or the people. Since this amendment to the U.S. Constitution does not provide an accurate measure of the powers granted to each group, it is a very open concept and its extent can be given an infinite number of interpretations. The lack of specific distinction between the powers can cause altercations regarding the rights and authority that the state and the national government have over certain issues. To†¦show more content†¦These types of actions have already taken place in a few states of the United States. Because similar events have already taken place, it would only make sense to for it to become an official right for the St ates. If permitted by a state, it would gain control of the requirements on subjects like the production, distribution, prescription, and administration of medical products derived from marijuana. By monitoring various aspects of the medical production of marijuana, the states could prevent the exposure that patients may have to hazardous products that contain marijuana. This would give individuals with health conditions an opportunity receive safer substances because there would be no need for these to be made under illegal or unsanitary environments. Additionally, patients with severe conditions could gain access to the possibility of reducing the occurrence of their chronic symptoms and even present some improvements in their health. Similar to the previous proposal, the State’s right to permit and legalize the use of recreational marijuana should be incorporated under the 10th Amendment. States would gain the ability to set an age requirement for the use of this plant for recreational purposes. The state government could adopt measures, comparable to those of the level of alcohol an individual canShow MoreRelatedFederalism and the Triad of Powers in America819 Words   |  3 PagesWith the failure of the health-care programs, the attention of nation was once again back on the federal government and the pressure was building up to take care of the situation. Federalism, much like anything, comes with advantages and some disadvantages. One advantage of federalism is that a large number of different governments ensure diversity among policies and programs. â€Å"We need diverse policies to accommodate a diverse populace across a vast country† (Berman and Murphy 93). Another advantageRead MoreCommon Core And The American Education System881 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment they must adhere to the system guidlines. A brief note on Education and the government: education is a state right and not a federal right. Education has no right to be regulated by the government; in fact, it underminds the Tenth Amendment. The Tenth Amendment states that any power not delegated by the Constitution is delegated to the states or to the people. Common core is a very complex system. If schools across the nation do not adhere to the requirements of common core, then they doRead MoreHistory and Purpose of the US Constitution Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagescountry. As a result outcome the framers of the Constitution feared that the states would not serve a strong role in federalist government. One way in which the framers sought to preserve a strong role was through the Tenth Amendment (Lowi, 2007, pg. 22). Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, all powers not granted to the federal government are reserved for the states and the people which are called reserved powers. If state or local laws contradict any of those, the state or localRead MoreThe Tenth Amendment Of The United States Education System975 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Core Initiatives History The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution declares that the states have the authority in handling educational standards (Boslaugh, 2015). Each state can come up with their own requirements and rules for their educational systems. For many years, this system seemed to work and showed good results. The United States had one of the best educational systems throughout the world. Although this system worked for many years, after World War II ended countriesRead MoreEssay on We Must Raise the Minimum Wage1615 Words   |  7 PagesFederal minimum wage is established by the Federal government and is the lowest set amount of money an employer can pay its employee (â€Å"Federal minimum†). On the other hand, an individual State may set its own minimum wage. The States under the Tenth Amendment have the right to accept the federal minimum wage, or states may set their own minimum wage. Roughly 20 or more states have set their own Minimum wage laws. Some states set their own minimum wage because some states have higher cost of livingRead MoreMilitary Draft No longer Necessary Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagessustain combat in Iraq and Afghanistan while meeting other global responsibilities. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that â€Å"the current volunteer force is the most capable in the nation’s history† (GAO.gov). They f ound other disadvantages of reinstating a draft, which consist of a decline in force effectiveness and weakened fighting capabilities (GAO.gov). Since President Nixon inaugurated the All-Volunteer forces, our military had a successful victory in Operation Desert StormRead MoreA Traditional U.S. Government During the Formation of the Constitution1981 Words   |  8 PagesConstitution—safeguard our freedoms by preventing any single branch from becoming too powerful. There is a second check in the division of powers between the national and state governments—a principle known as federalism. Then finally with the addition of the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution detailing the rights reserves to the States or People. Which of these checks have proven most lasting? I believe the check of â€Å"JUDICIARY is check on LEGISLATIVE through its authority to review all laws and determineRead MoreAfrican Transformation from 1865-19201832 Words   |  8 PagesEmancipation Proclamation, Slavery did not officially end until congress passed the 13th Amendment, which outlawed slavery. Freedmen were no allowed to be citizens until 1868 when congress passed the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment also allowed blacks the right to equal protection under the law. The first Supreme Court Interpretation of the 14th amendment was in the Slaughterhouse Case. This case extended the 14th amendment to all citizens. Even with the end of slavery and the right to citizenship, AfricanRead MoreThe Debate Over The Bill Of Rights Essay1761 Words   |  8 Pagesclauses, which essentially say the Supreme Court is the law of the land, and in Mculloch vs. Maryland, the constitution and its interpretation prevailed, letting the national bank be created, and it could not be taxe d, essentially ignoring the tenth amendment of the protecting the states. 2. The â€Å"Switch in Time that Saved Nine† was important in West Coast Hotel Co. V. Parrish in that the switch of Justice Owen Roberts from conservative to liberal in the decision on minimum wage in Washington, andRead MoreMode of Creation In English, a corporation may be created (i) either by Act of Parliament, (ii) or2800 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Official Gazette. Amendments The Companies Act has undergone changes by amendments of the Companies (Amendment) Act (LXV of 1960), the Companies (Amendment) Act (LII of 1964), (Amendment) Act (XXXII of 1965), the Companies (Amendment) Act (XXXIV of 1966), the Companies (Amendment) Act (XII of 1969), the Companies (Amendment) Act (LXXX (30) of 1971), the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1996 (5 of 1997), the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1999 (21 of 1999) the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2000 (53 of 2000)

Interfaces of Strategic Leaders System - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Interfaces of Strategic Leaders System. Answer: Introduction: Strategy can be defined as a process or an effort that is made by individuals or team to achieve long term goals and objectives. Strategies are essentially the blue print or the route map of executing plans towards a particular destination (Slack, 2015). Among the finest qualities that must be possessed by a leader, perhaps the most important quality that a leader must possess is good strategic analysis. For a leader to be strategic it means that a leader must have curiosity towards the changing aspects of the society and analyze how the change in these aspects might impact on a particular organization or a business. Strategic leaders must possess the quality to ask and answer disruptive questions. Arguments are the prime subject of strategic analysis. A strategic leader maintains a balance within all the stakeholders and balances the interests of all stakeholders like investors, customers and the employees of the organization (Simsek, Heavey, Fox, 2018). Thus, to put simply, a leader possessing strategic quality must be capable to handle adverse situation, look out for positive aspects in extreme pessimistic situations, must be aware of personal strengths along with the strength and weakness of the team and identify the key reasons that de-motivate employees. On a broader perspective, it can be said that the strategies that a leader posses are turned into tactics by the leader to ensure the maximum benefit of the employees. Amongst the most important qualities that a strategic leader must possess is loyalty towards the company, judicious and unbiased use of power, having broadened outlook, motivating employees, compassionate towards employees etc. Leaders possessing strategic leading qualities are resource of any company. They are hugely responsible for the growth and inflation of any organizational sectors (Rothaermel, 2015). The contribution o0f the strategic leaders towards a business are as follows: Communication strategy: Any action taken for execution of work is the result of conversion of strategies. The leader explains the team the strategy, thus the team works according to it. Collaborating team members: Strategic leaders are able to collaborate the team members by the dint of strong collaboration skills and mould them preparing to march forward towards a common goal. The individual objectives are not counted here and the members are focused towards the organizational goal. Coordinating members: A strategic leader coordinates team members in the context of completion of complex projects. For instance, the strategic skills that are required to get a traditional project done, may not par with complex projects. The leader needs to apply new set of strategies to maintain team coordination and accomplish goals. Conflict management: Conflicts if not resolves may damage the very base of an organization. Strategic leaders using their communication and convincing skills manages and resolves conflicts so that internal conflicts do not harm projects. This in results in increased profit margins of any company. Reference List Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Simsek, Z., Heavey, C., Fox, B. C. (2018). Interfaces of Strategic Leaders: A Conceptual Framework, Review, and Research Agenda.Journal of Management,44(1), 280-324. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Evaluation of Leadership at Coca Cola free essay sample

On October 24th 1997 Doug Ivester took over as the 10th CEO and Chairman of Coca Cola, the world’s largest soft drink company, after the tenure of his predecessor Roberto Goizueta came to an abrupt end due to his sudden and unexpected death. In the 16 years as CEO of Coca Cola Yale-educated Goizueta earned himself a reputation of setting high objectives and achieving all of them. Growth in total annual sales from $5 billion in 1981 to $18. 5 billion in 1997 and rises in net profits and company’s market capitalization of 700%, respectively 4000%, underline his more than successful leadership (Walter, Knopp Reavis 2005). In 1997 analysts expected former company president Doug Ivester, 50, who received unanimous support from the company’s board in the election process for the new CEO, to continuously meet annual financial targets set in the Goizueta era. The company’s board was completely convinced of Ivester’s qualification for the leading position in as he had already proven himself within in various tasks and jobs over the past decades (Walter, Knopp Reavis 2005). â€Å"Whenever he sets a target, he hits it† (Morris 1998) is a quote of board member Allen recorded at that time which describes the general perception of Ivester in 1997. Goizueta himself saw a â€Å"godsend† (Hays 2004, p. 36) in Doug Ivester, an aggressive worker, but most of all a financial mastermind. They worked together closely for more than a decade, kept on posting spectacular gains and beat market expectations constantly. Also, Goizueta referred to Ivester as his â€Å"partner† (Walter, Knopp Reavis, p. 4), his predetermined successor, the one he carefully groomed to give him the experience and expertise in essential leadership skills (Morris Sellars 2000). Nevertheless, only 26 month later in December 1999 Doug Ivester was pushed to resign from his job as the head of the company on account of outsized pressure from board directors who had lost confidence in his leadership. Under his tenure return on equity declined significantly from 57% in 1997 to 35% in 1999. (Morris Sellars 2000) Thus, the question arises, why did such a successful and celebrated manager fail at the very highest corporate stage and why did his tenure turn out as management story full of leadership lessons? In this paper Ivester’s behaviour, actions, and traits are discussed in coherence to leadership literature and theories to evaluate his approach to leadership and to draw recommendations for the future selection of CEOs at Coca Cola. Leadership Evaluation of Douglas Ivester Given Ivester’s financial background as an accountant at Ernst Young who at first worked for Coca Cola as an external auditor and was subsequently hired by officials in 1979 to work for the company’s financial department (Walter, Knopp Reavis 2005), his approach to business and work was about being direct and analytical (Hays 2004). Morris Sellars (2000) mention his total focus on discipline within his work approach and his deep conviction of the fact that organizations that are highly disciplined entail most creativity. In accordance to Walter, Reavis Knopp (2005) he was an introverted, even blunt leader who emphasized structure as a key issue in his leadership approach. Ivester compared business operations with chess games and imposed rigid control systems within the company. People referred to him as a brilliant and ambitious â€Å"adding-mashine† (Hays 2004, p. 34) until he was elected the new CEO of Coca Cola in 1997. At this point in time, his biggest strengths arguably turned into his biggest weaknesses when his tasks changed from executing corporate strategy to setting corporate strategy, representing and leading a global multinational corporation. Ivester’s lack of flexibility and undersized cognitive ability became obvious in his inflexible acquisition strategy of Cadbury Schweppes despite rising European regulatory concerns in 1998 and his misinterpretation of the contamination scandal in Belgium in 1999 when Ivester ignored the perception of the European population which was still sensitized by Britain’s ’94 mad-cow disease. In this respect Bazerman Chugh (2006) argue that total focus can limit awareness, an essential prerequisite for leadership. After all, Ivester’s misjudgements and failures in both cases turned out to be extremely costly and unfavourable for the company’s image (Walter, Knopp Reavis 2005). This indicates that Ivester simply lacked these character traits which Kirkpatrick Locke (1991) claim to be essential personal traits of successful leaders. In accordance to the situational leadership model of Hersey and Blanchard (1988) leaders are also required to adjust their styles contingent on present situations and the maturity of their followers. Being resistant to any kind of advice Ivester nevertheless kept on telling his employees what to do as he was convinced to know everything better than his employees (Morris Sellars 2000). His leadership was described as a â€Å"one-man highwire act† (Morris Sellars, p. 114+). This also portrays his arrogance and his underdeveloped emotional intelligence – people even referred to him as â€Å"the iceman† (Hays 2004, p. 174). Goleman (1998) argues that emotional intelligence includes five critical components. Besides self-awareness and self-regulation emotional intelligence perceives social and motivating skills as well as empathy as essentials for leadership success. Ivester, however, commonly showed no interest in small talk, he even discouraged staff by inappropriate criticism and intimidations. In general he refused to motivate and empower his employees. On account of his rigidity regarding corporate structures Ivester minimized information, responsibility, authority and trust provided to his staff demanding steady notifications and justifications about every single action (Hays 2004). He did so regardless of the fact that empowered people tend to be more committed to their tasks and as a result more creative and higher performing (Campling et al. 2008). Ivester who detested risk and kept his focus on the â€Å"sure-thing single† (Morris Sellars, p. 14+) ignored that innovative and sustainable successful companies require a certain extend of risk and flexibility. (Barsh, Capozzi Davidson 2008) Evaluating the leadership approach of Doug Ivester additionally it is to mention that effective leadership requires power to influence other people’s behaviour. Campling et. al. (2008) distinguishes between position power in the form of reward, coercive and legitimate and personal power in the form of expert and referent sources of power. The latter sources of power demand knowledge, charisma and interpersonal skills. Having established a rigid control system, Ivester exclusively relied on legitimate power to get things done (Hays 2004). Whetten Cameron (1991) argue that successful leadership requires all types of power and appropriate use to achieve goals and to pursue a shared vision in the long run. As such, Ivester’s leadership approach can basically be described as contrary to the one of his predecessor Robert Goizueta who considered management as a â€Å"people-relations business† (Walter, Knopp Reavis, p. 3). They complemented each other perfectly as long as they were leading the company together and Ivester flourished in his role as the financial mastermind of the company (Hays 2004). But as soon as Goizueta was gone it became obvious that Ivester who â€Å"knew the math, but not the music† (McKay, Deogun Lublin 1999) was not only unable to share visions and goals (Morris Sellars, p. 114+). On top of that he was not even able to set up clear visions and values for the company itself as â€Å"he seemed to lose sight of the big picture† (Morris Sellars, p. according to his oversized focus on details and numbers. Being a leader with visions and the ability to communicate them in a compelling sense however is an important characteristic of transformational leadership which Gardner (1998) urges to be the appropriate leadership style in settings with continuous and vast changes to retain sustainable corporate success. This leadership style requires charismatic leaders that inspire staff members with thorough uses of personal power, empowerment, motivation, rewards and intellectual stimulation. As previously discussed in the evaluation of Douglas Ivester’s leadership approach neither did he apply any of those tools nor did he value them at all. In accordance to Bass (1985) Ivester could best be described as a transactional leader as someone who is more methodical and structured in his leadership approach. This leadership style however is considered to be insufficient to cope with challenges and demands of dynamic work settings (Campling, et al. 2008). Recommendations concerning the election of a new CEO for Coca Cola In retrospect on his 26 month long tenure as the CEO of Coca Cola it became more and more obvious that Ivester emphasised â€Å"substance over style† (Morris Sellars, p. 114+). For more than a decade excellent financial expertise made him the perfect second in command but subsequently his narrow-mindedness also prevented him from being a successful leader. Given the tremendous impact of the selection of the CEO in the life of an organization the board of directors at Coca Cola Company are ought to be more careful in setting selection criteria regardless of the eligibility of internal candidates. Primarily, a strategic fit and leadership capability of candidates are essential and given the leadership lessons evaluated in this paper the election of an external candidate providing adequate leadership experience can often be the logical and more reliable choice in many cases. According to the evaluation of deficits in Doug Ivester’s leadership approach the board is therefore strongly recommended to consider characteristics of transformational leaders in their CEO-selection process who can accomplish excellent performance predominately by â€Å"providing followers with a vision that instills true commitment† (Johns Saks 2008). Also considering the fast changing organizational and economical environment this paper argues that future CEOs at Coca Cola need to embody not only flexibility but also proven skills in cognitive ability. Leaders have to be able to focus on the big picture and make the right decisions especially in times of crisis and change. On top of that the global dimension and worldwide operations of Coca Cola deserve attention within the selection process. Thus, future leaders of Coca Cola need to provide a global mindset, high tolerance for ambiguity and cultural adaptability. In accordance to Petrick et al. (1999) excellent global leadership competencies, which complement transformational leadership, will meet the demand for sustainable competitive advantage and result in superior corporate performance in the 21st century.